Pure science is also called basic or fundamental science. It is synonymous with research and driven by curiosity! Pure science does not focus on solving problems or creating products but is primarily concerned with the development of theories establishing relations between the phenomena of the universe. It focuses on advancing scientific knowledge through observation, experimentation, and theoretical analysis, in subjects such as physics, chemistry, biology, mathematics, and astronomy. Research in pure science doesn’t consider how these theories can be applied but is used to answer questions or phenomena. The research usually take place in a laboratory setting or sometimes in natural surroundings. Pure scientists typically work in academic or research institutions, and their main goal is to increase our understanding of the natural world.
Applied science is called engineering. It tries to solve a specific problem or set of problems, or to create a product by application of working laws of pure science. Applied Sciences is application of the theories and predictions of Pure Science to practical problems such as in Engineering or Technology. These are most commonly applied in Research & Development, otherwise known as simply R&D. Applied Sciences usually take place outside of a laboratory.
Pure science generates better tools for applied science to use in solving problems. Both forms are mutually supportive of each other. e.g., The study of radioactivity began as a piece of pure research, but its results are now applied in a great number of different ways such as in cancer treatment, power generation, agriculture, in geology, archaeology, etc.
In India, pure science and research are highly valued and encouraged by the government and academic institutions. There are many institutes and universities that specialize in pure science research, such as the Indian Institutes of Technology (IITs), the Indian Institutes of Science Education and Research (IISERs), and the Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR).
Types of Research
- Experimental research:
This type of research involves conducting experiments to test various hypotheses and investigate the behavior of natural phenomena. It typically involves the manipulation of variables under controlled conditions to study their effects. Example careers include Laboratory Technician, Research assistant, Scientist, etc. - Observational research:
This type of research involves the observation of natural phenomena without any intervention or manipulation of variables. It is often used to study complex natural systems, such as ecosystems or animal behavior. Example careers include Ecologist, Animal Behaviourist, Environmental Scientist, etc. - Theoretical research:
This type of research involves the development of mathematical or conceptual models to explain and predict natural phenomena. It is often used to develop new theories or to refine existing ones. Example careers include Mathematician, Theoretical physicist, etc. - Computational research: This type of research involves using computer simulations to study natural phenomena or to test theoretical models. It is often used in physics and chemistry to model complex systems or to simulate molecular interactions. Example careers include Computer scientist, Engineers working on predictive models to diagnose cancer or on developing algorithms on any domain in the pure science field, etc.
- Interdisciplinary Research
This type of research involves collaboration between different branches of science to tackle complex scientific problems. It often involves combining expertise from different disciplines, such as physics, biology, and mathematics, to develop new insights and approaches to scientific questions. Example careers include Materials Scientist, Bio engineer, Environmental engineer. - Applied Sciences
This type of research involves using scientific knowledge to solve practical problems or to develop new technologies. It often involves applying scientific principles to develop new products or to improve existing ones. Example careers include Engineer, Product developer.
SKILLS AND QUALITIES
To successfully pursue a career in pure science and research the following skills and qualities are important:
- Analytical and critical thinking:
The ability to analyze complex data and information, identify patterns, and draw conclusions based on evidence is essential in scientific research. - Attention to detail:
Scientists must have a keen eye for detail and be meticulous in their work, particularly when conducting experiments or recording data. - Problem-solving:
Scientists must be able to identify problems or challenges, develop hypotheses, and design experiments or studies to test their ideas. - Scientific knowledge:
A strong foundation in the principles of the scientific method and the relevant scientific field is essential. - Communication skills:
Scientists must be able to communicate their research findings effectively, both verbally and in writing, to other scientists, policymakers, and the public. - Collaboration, networking skills and teamwork:
Many scientific projects require collaboration with other scientists, researchers, or technicians, and the ability to work well in a team is essential. - Adaptability and creativity:
Scientists must be able to adapt to new technologies, methods, and techniques, and be creative in developing new ideas and solutions. - Time management:
Scientists must be able to manage their time effectively, balancing multiple tasks and deadlines while maintaining high quality work.
It also requires a passion for learning and discovery, as well as patience and perseverance in the face of setbacks and challenges.
OCCUPATIONS
We can categorise pure science and mathematics occupations by branch of study:
- Physics
- Chemistry
- Mathematics
- Biology
- Life Sciences
- Physical Sciences
- Earth Sciences
- Clinical Research
- Support Functions
QUALIFYING PATH
The typical qualifying path to become a researcher is BSc-MSc-PhD, followed by optional post-doctorate. Actual subject choices for the degrees will depend on what type of scientist one wants work as.
Important Examinations
There are several important national-level as well as institution-specific examinations that serve as entrance for different courses in Pure Science and Mathematics:
- Joint Entrance Examination (JEE)- Main & Advance
This is a national-level engineering entrance exam that is required for admission to the Indian Institutes of Technology (IITs) and other prestigious engineering colleges in India. - Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Aptitude Test
This is an entrance exam for admission to the Indian Institutes of Science Education and Research (IISERs) in India. IISERs are institutes that focus on research in the field of basic sciences. - National Entrance Screening Test (NEST)
This is an entrance exam for admission to the National Institute of Science Education and Research (NISER) and the University of Mumbai – Department of Atomic Energy Centre for Excellence in Basic Sciences (UM-DAE CBS). Both institutes offer integrated M.Sc. programmes in basic sciences. - Indian Statistical Institute Admission Test (ISI)
This is an entrance exam for admission to undergraduate and postgraduate programmes in statistics, mathematics, and computer science at the Indian Statistical Institute. - Council of Scientific and Industrial Research National Eligibility Test (CSIR NET)
This is a national-level exam conducted by the Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR) for the award of Junior Research Fellowship (JRF) and eligibility for Lectureship in the field of Science and Technology. - Tata Institute of Fundamental Research (TIFR) Entrance Exam
This is an entrance exam for admission to various Ph.D. programmes in science at Tata Institute of Fundamental Research.
Top institutes for Pure science & Research
- Indian Institute of Science (IISc) Bangalore
Admission to the undergraduate programme in science is through KVPY, JEE Main, and JEE Advanced exams. - Indian Institutes of Technology (IITs)
Admission to undergraduate programmes in science and engineering is through JEE Main and JEE Advanced exams. - Tata Institute of Fundamental Research (TIFR)
Admission to various Ph.D. programmes in science is through TIFR Entrance Exam and JGEEBILS (Joint Graduate Entrance Examination for Biology and Interdisciplinary Life Sciences) exam. - Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISERs)
Admission to the BS-MS dual degree programme is through KVPY, JEE Advanced, and State and Central Board examinations. Locations :Behrampur, Bhopal, Kolkata, Mohali, Pune, Thiruvanantapuram, Tirupati - National Institute of Science Education and Research (NISER)
Admission to the integrated M.Sc. programmes is through NEST exam. - Birla Institute of Technology and Science (BITS) Pilani
Admission to undergraduate programmes in science and engineering is through BITSAT exam.
CAREER POTENTIAL AND GROWTH
Pure science and research offer many opportunities for individuals interested in pursuing a career in this field. Researchers in India can work in academic institutions, research labs, and government organizations. They can also work across various domains such as biotechnology, pharmaceuticals, aerospace, and energy. Following avenues exist for research:
- Academic research: Many researchers in India work in academic institutions such as universities, colleges, and research institutes. These positions may involve teaching as well as research, and usually require a PhD.
- Government research: Government agencies such as the Department of Science and Technology, the Department of Atomic Energy, the Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, and the Indian Space Research Organization employ researchers to carry out scientific investigations.
- Private research: Private companies in fields such as pharmaceuticals, biotechnology, and engineering may employ researchers to develop new products, technologies, and solutions.
- Non-profit research: Non-profit organizations and foundations may employ researchers to investigate issues such as public health, environmental sustainability, and social justice.
- Entrepreneurship: Individuals with a background in pure science and research may choose to start their own companies or consultancies to develop and market their own inventions or ideas.
Important Institutes & Organisations
Some of the leading organisations in India that hire pure science and mathematics graduates include:
- Indian Space Research Organization (ISRO)
ISRO is the premier space research organization in India and offers opportunities for pure science and research graduates in fields such as physics, chemistry, mathematics, and earth sciences. - Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR)
CSIR is a leading research organization in India that focuses on multidisciplinary research in various fields such as biology, chemistry, physics, and engineering. - Tata Institute of Fundamental Research (TIFR)
TIFR is a premier research institution in India that conducts research in physics, mathematics, biology, and computer science. - National Institute of Science Education and Research (NISER)
NISER is a research institution in India that offers programs in physics, chemistry, biology, mathematics, and earth sciences. - Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR)
ICMR is a leading medical research organization in India that focuses on research in various areas of medical and health sciences. - Pharmaceutical companies
Pharmaceutical companies such as Sun Pharma, Lupin, Cipla, and Dr. Reddy’s Labs offer opportunities for research and development in areas such as drug discovery, clinical research, and regulatory affairs. - Biotech companies
Biotech companies such as Biocon, Serum Institute of India, and Bharat Biotech offer opportunities in areas such as bioprocessing, molecular biology, and bioinformatics. - Environmental research organizations
Environmental research organizations such as The Energy and Resources Institute (TERI) and Center for Science and Environment (CSE) offer opportunities in areas such as climate change, sustainable development, and environmental policy. - Academic institutions
Academic institutions such as Indian Institutes of Technology (IITs), Indian Institutes of Science Education and Research (IISERs), and universities offer opportunities for research and teaching in various fields of pure science. - Government organizations
Government organizations such as the Department of Science and Technology (DST), Department of Biotechnology (DBT), and Department of Atomic Energy (DAE) offer opportunities for research and development in various fields of pure science.
Scope of Pure Science & Research outside India
Funding for research is generally more abundant and accessible in countries like USA, European countries, Australia, etc. with various government and private institutions offering grants, fellowships, and scholarships for research. This can provide opportunities to pursue more extensive research projects and undertake more in-depth studies. To pursue pure science and research abroad, you need to have a strong educational background, research experience, and a passion for the subject. Some of the examinations that you may need to take to study abroad in pure science and research include:
- GRE
The Graduate Record Examination (GRE) is a standardized test that assesses your aptitude for graduate-level study. Many universities in the US, Canada, and other countries require GRE scores as part of the
admission process for graduate programs in pure science and research. - TOEFL/IELTS
If English is not your first language, you may need to take the Test of English as a Foreign Language (TOEFL) or the International English Language Testing System (IELTS). These tests assess your English language proficiency and are often required by universities in English-speaking countries. - Subject-specific tests
Depending on the field of study you wish to pursue, you may also need to take subject-specific tests such as the Physics GRE, Chemistry GRE, or Biology GRE. These tests assess your knowledge of the subject and are often required for admission to top graduate programs.
In addition to these examinations, you will also need to have a strong academic record, letters of recommendation, and a well-written personal statement. Research experience, internships, and publications can also significantly improve your chances of being accepted into a top graduate program in pure science and research abroad.
Scholarships & Programs in India
- Kishore Vaigyanik Protsahan Yojana (KVPY)
KVPY is a national level scholarship program for students interested in pursuing a career in pure science and research. The scholarship is awarded to students who have demonstrated excellence in science and mathematics, and who wish to pursue a career in research. - INSPIRE Scholarship
The INSPIRE Scholarship is a scholarship program launched by the Department of Science and Technology, Government of India. The scholarship is awarded to students who have excelled in their 12th-grade examinations and wish to pursue a career in pure science and research. - JNCASR Science Academies’ Summer Research Fellowship Program
The Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research (JNCASR) offers the Science Academies’ Summer Research Fellowship Program. The program is open to students who have completed their 12th grade and provides an opportunity to work on research projects under the guidance of faculty members. - National Talent Search Examination (NTSE)
The NTSE is a national-level scholarship program for students studying in Class 10th or 12th. The scholarship is awarded based on a competitive exam, and students who are selected can receive financial assistance for pursuing higher education in pure science and research. - International Science Olympiad
The International Science Olympiad is a competitive exam that tests students’ knowledge of science and mathematics. Students who excel in the exam can represent India at international-level competitions and receive scholarships for pursuing higher education in pure science and research. - Indian Academy of Sciences Summer Research Fellowship Program
The Indian Academy of Sciences offers a Summer Research Fellowship Program for students who have completed their 12th grade. The program provides an opportunity to work on research projects under the guidance of faculty members at various institutions in India.